Understanding Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC) is a relatively rare but serious form of kidney cancer. It begins in the cells lining the small tubules inside the kidneys—organs that help filter waste and regulate fluid balance. PRCC accounts for approximately 10-15% of all kidney cancers and differs from the more common clear cell renal cell carcinoma in both behavior and treatment response.

Because PRCC may not cause symptoms in its early stages, many people are unaware they have it until it becomes more advanced. That’s why understanding the early warning signs, risk factors, and treatment options can empower patients to seek help sooner and improve their chances of successful recovery.

What Causes Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma?

While the exact cause of PRCC isn’t always known, experts believe that a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to its development. Research shows that mutations in genes like MET and FH are commonly involved in hereditary forms of PRCC (National Center for Biotechnology Information).

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing PRCC, including:

• Being over the age of 50
• Male gender
• Family history of kidney cancer or genetic syndromes (e.g., Hereditary Leiomyomatosis)
• Smoking
• Obesity and hypertension
• Long-term dialysis for kidney disease

Recognizing Symptoms of PRCC

PRCC often goes unnoticed in its early stages because it may not cause noticeable discomfort. However, as the tumor grows, it may begin to produce symptoms such as:

• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Pain in the side, lower back, or abdomen
• A palpable mass or lump in the abdomen
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue and weakness
• Fever not related to infection

If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms—especially if they persist or worsen—consult a healthcare provider. Early cancer detection is critical to effective treatment.

How PRCC Is Diagnosed

Diagnosis of papillary renal cell carcinoma typically begins with a physical examination and review of your symptoms and medical history. Diagnostic tools may include:

• Imaging tests: CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound to visualize the kidneys
• Urinalysis: To detect blood or abnormal cells in the urine
• Blood tests: To assess kidney function and overall health
• Biopsy: A tissue sample taken from the kidney to confirm the cancer type

Early-stage PRCC is often easier to treat and has a more favorable prognosis. That’s why prompt diagnosis and follow-up are crucial.

Treatment Options for PRCC

The main treatment for localized PRCC is surgery. Depending on the tumor’s size and location, your doctor may recommend one of the following:

• Partial nephrectomy: Removal of the tumor while preserving kidney function
• Radical nephrectomy: Removal of the entire kidney, often along with surrounding tissue or lymph nodes

If the cancer has spread beyond the kidney (metastatic PRCC), additional treatments may be necessary, such as:

• Targeted therapy: Drugs like sunitinib or axitinib that block tumor growth signals
• Immunotherapy: Medications like nivolumab that help your immune system attack cancer cells
• Radiation therapy: Occasionally used to relieve symptoms but not as a primary treatment

According to the American Cancer Society, survival rates depend heavily on the stage at diagnosis. Localized PRCC has a 5-year survival rate of over 90%, while metastatic cases have poorer outcomes without aggressive treatment.

Living with PRCC: Lifestyle and Emotional Support

Living with a PRCC diagnosis can be emotionally overwhelming, but there are many ways to improve quality of life during and after treatment:

• Eat a balanced, kidney-friendly diet with lean proteins, vegetables, and limited sodium
• Stay active: Gentle exercise like walking can boost energy and mood
• Quit smoking: Smoking can impair recovery and increase recurrence risk
• Manage stress: Yoga, meditation, or counseling may help relieve anxiety
• Seek support: Join cancer support groups or talk to a mental health professional

Final Thoughts

PRCC may be rare, but it’s not something to take lightly. Early detection through regular checkups and prompt attention to unusual symptoms can make all the difference. Thanks to advances in surgery, targeted therapies, and supportive care, more people than ever are living longer and healthier lives after a PRCC diagnosis.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with papillary renal cell carcinoma, take the time to learn about your options, build a supportive healthcare team, and focus on both physical and emotional well-being throughout the journey.